Conjunctions and Linking Words
Coordinators
Coordinators connect elements of equal importance.
S + V , but S + V
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(and, but, so, or, nor, for*, yet)
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S + V and V
S and S + V
N and N
Adj. and Adj.
Phrase and Phrase
Can be used in a series: A, B, C, or D
Examples:
He drinks coffee, but she drinks tea.
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(S + V , coordinator S +V)
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Gary lives in Ohio, and Deana lives in Michigan.
She loves to dance, so she bought a studio.
You could buy a car, or you could put the money in the bank.
When there is a new subject and verb, a comma is used before (not after) the coordinator.
I hate to sing but, I love to dance. (Incorrect)
I hate to sing, but I love to dance. (Correct)
John and George both play football.
Paul listens to music and reads books.
John, Paul, George, and Harry are classmates.
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(two subjects)
(two verbs)
(series)
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*For is also commonly used as a preposition. Yet can sometimes be used as an adverb.
Subordinators
Subordinators connect elements of unequal importance. One clause is not as strong as the other.
The most common subordinators are:
although, even though,
because, since*, so that,
when, while, before*, after*, whenever,
wherever, anywhere,
if, unless, whether [or not]
as, as [adjective] as,
whereas
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(to show slight contrast)
(to give reasons)
(to indicate time relationships)
(to indicate place)
(to indicate conditions)
(to give comparisons)
(to show major contrast)
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Subordinators have an interesting effect on words in a sentence. A clause (S +V) without a subordinator can stand alone as a complete statement.
I went to the store yesterday.
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(Complete statement)
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When I went to the store yesterday, . . .
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(Well, what happened?)
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When I went to the store yesterday, I saw an old friend.
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(Idea is complete)
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Subordinating or "dependent" clauses can occur at the beginning or end of asentence. When used at the beginning of a sentence, a comma is necessary after the clause itself.
In English, the subordinator always comes before the subject and verb in a clause.
- Example:
I went to the grocery store after, I stopped at the bank.
After I went to the grocery store, I stopped at the bank.
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(Incorrect)
(Correct)
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Subordinators and coordinators should not be used in the same sentence to introduce clauses. Choose one or the other, but do not use both together.
*These words can also be used as prepositions.
S + V although S + V
Although S + V , S + V
Example
Although Nina won the prize, but she was not happy.
Although Nina won the prize, she was not happy.
Nina won the prize, but she was not happy.
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(Wrong)
(Correct)
(Also correct)
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Sentence Connectors
Sentence Connectors connect paragraphs or show relationship between very different ideas.
S + V . However, S + V
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(however, therefore, thus, moreover,
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nevertheless, first*, then*, next*, still*
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S + V ; however, S + V
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besides, consequently, furthermore)
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She drinks coffee. He drinks tea.
She drinks coffee, but he drinks tea.
She drinks coffee, and he drinks tea.
She drinks coffee; he drinks tea.
Although she drinks coffee, he drinks tea.
She drinks coffee although he drinks tea.
Although she drinks coffee, but he drinks tea.
She drinks coffee; however, he drinks tea.
She drinks coffee. However, he drinks tea.
She drinks coffee. He, however, drinks tea.
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(Two separate sentences)
(Coordination)
(Both ideas are equal)
(Closely related ideas)
(Subordination)
(One idea is stronger)
(INCORRECT!)
(Sentence connector)
(Stronger break between ideas)
(Variation)
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Remember:
A period (.) provides the strongest break between ideas.
A semicolon (;) is next, and a comma (,) provides the weakest separation.
Coordinators provide connection between equal ideas.
(and, but, or, nor, so, for, yet)
Examples:
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Mom and Dad
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red or green
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She stayed, but he left.
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Subordinators provide connection between unequal ideas.
(because, although, when, while, if, as, since, whenever, wherever?)
Example:
He didn't go to work because he was sick.
Although John was unhappy, he still smiled.
Sentence Connectors provide connection between large groups of ideas/sentences. (usually paragraphs)
(therefore, otherwise, thus, in conclusion, furthermore?)
Prepositions
Prepositions show relationship among elements of a sentence. They are followed by noun phrases only and cannot take on a S + V.
Prepositions indicate relationships between words or ideas. Most prepositions deal with location and are easy to learn.
above
inside
beside
near
up
before*
with
into
between
like
despite
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below
outside
beyond
nearby
down
after*
without
out (of)
among
as
in spite of
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over
around
behind
by
toward
during
within
off
except
than
beneath
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under
through
in front of
next to
along (side)
since*
until*
upon
but*
about
underneath
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*These can also be used as conjunctions.
Some prepositions, however, have more than one meaning and can be very confusing.
in
to
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on
from
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at
for
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of
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S + V (prep. phrase)
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(durat
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despite, in spite of, for*, since*, by
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(Prep. phrase), S + V
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like, except, but*, about, to*, from
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between [A and B], among, with
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(Prep. phrase) V + S (unusual)
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within, without, beside, near, next to)
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Generally, in, on and at indicate location. See also: Prepositions of Location
To and from imply movement toward or away from something. However, to can also function as part of an infinitive. See also: invintives, To V or Not To V
To and for can introduce indirect objects. See also: Indirect Objects
For and since can also indicate duration. See also: Present Perfect Progessive
Of is used in partitives (all of, some of . . .) and other expressions. See also: Quantifiers
Many prepositions are also used in expressions.
See Also:
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