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TOEFL Grammar part 6: Parellelism and Inversions.

Diposting oleh rydha's note on Kamis, 22 November 2012
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parallelism

Parallelism means that words used in pairs or groups should all have the same gram-matical form (verbs and verbs; nouns, nouns, and nouns; gerunds and gerunds, etc.) When using words or phrases with coordinating conjunctions or in a series, make sure that they follow the same grammatical structure. 
For example:
    Terry likes swimming and to dive.
    Terry likes swimming and diving.
    Terry likes to swim and (to) dive.
    I'm taking history, math, and chemical.
    I'm taking history, math, and chemistry.
    (Incorrect: not parallel)
    (Correct)
    (Correct)
    (Incorrect)
    (Correct)
Sometimes repeated words, such as auxiliary verbs, can be deleted in parallel constructions.
    Example:
    I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower.
    I have been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower.
    I have been to Paris and seen the Eiffel Tower.
    Is she coming to the party or go to a movie?
    Is she coming to the party or going to a movie?

    Inversion

    When to Invert the Subject and Verb:
    1. Questions
    2. Negatives
    3. (Necessary) Prepositional Phrases of Place
    4. Conditionals
    5. Comparisons

    1. Questions

      2. He is a doctor.
      He ate an apple.
      Is he a doctor?
      Did he eat an apple?
      (Direct inversion)
      (With "do")

    2. Negatives

      3. He is a doctor.
      He ate an apple.
      Not only is he a doctor, (but) he is also a millionaire.
      Not only did he eat an apple, (but) he also ate an orange.

    3. Prepositional Phrases of Place (Necessary)

      4. On the table is a book.
      On the table (there) is a book.
      The prepositional phrase is necessary here, because without it, the sentence would be incomplete: ("is a book" is not a complete sentence.) Inversion is necessary.
      At the restaurant, the food was too spicy.
      (inversion is not necessary)
      Without the prepositional phrase, the sentence the food was too spicy is still complete.
      This structure is typically used with linking verbs (be, appear, seem, etc.) or words that function as linking verbs.
      In the doorway appeared two strangers.
      On the table lies my textbook.
      In the kitchen, he ate an apple.
      In the doorway were two strangers.
      On the table is my textbook.
      (Action verb: no inversion necessary.)

    4. In some situations, the conditional if is omitted and an inversion is used in its place. (Only with verbs, were, should or had.) Note the following 

      examples:
        5. If I were a doctor, I would be rich.
        Were I a doctor, I would be rich.
        If I had taken the subway, I would have arrived on time.
        Had I taken the subway, I would have arrived on time.
        If you should have any questions, please feel free to contact me.
        Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me.
        If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
        Had I known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
        If I go to Chicago, I will visit my grandmother.
        Go I to Chicago, I will visit my grandmother. (Incorrect)
        If I have enough money, I will buy a horse.
        Have I enough money, I will buy a horse. (Incorrect)

    5. Comparisons with than may also be inverted, but the inversion is optional. Note the following examples.

        6. He has more marbles than John does.
        He has more marbles than does John.
        He has more marbles than John. (informal okay.)
      **Be careful. On the TOEFL, when comparisons are used, sometimes important words are left out or in error, thereby requiring only one of the possible options.


    (Incorrect)
    (Okay)
    (Better)
    (Incorrect)
    (Correct) 



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