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TOEFL Grammar Part 5: Participial Phrases and Introductory Phrases

Practical Phrase

In Time Clauses:

Example:
While I was coming to class this morning, I witnessed an accident.
can be:
While coming to class this morning, I witnessed an accident.
Coming to class this morning, I witnessed an accident.

When she opened the box, Jocelyn gasped at the sight of the diamond ring.
can be:
When opening the box, Jocelyn gasped at the sight of the diamond ring.
Opening the box, Jocelyn gasped at the sight of the diamond ring.

Before he left the house, Mr. Russo remembered to turn off the oven.
can be:
Before leaving the house, Mr. Russo remembered to turn off the oven.

Important Note:
*Make sure the subject of the main clause and the subject of the participial phrase are the same.
      > While taking a shower, my sister called from California. (INCORRECT)
         While I was taking a shower, my sister called from California.
         While taking a shower, I received a call from my sister in California.

In Absolutes:

The vase was knocked over by the cat. It lay in a hundred pieces on the floor.
can be:
Knocked over by the cat, the vase lay in a hundred pieces on the floor.

The mouse snatched up the larger pieces, and it left the crumbs for the cockroaches.
can be:
The mouse snatched up the larger pieces, leaving the crumbs for the cockroaches.

The little boy was lost and afraid. He called for his mother.
can be:
The little boy, lost and afraid, called for his mother.
Lost and afraid, the little boy called for his mother.

see more about Clause and Phrase


Introductory Phrase

Introductory phrases and clauses

    Example:
    John invited Mary to a movie. Mary had seen the movie twice already. Mary was reluctant to accept John's invitation.
    Because she had seen the movie twice already, Mary was reluctant to accept John's invitation (to the movie).
    it can be:
    Having seen the movie twice already, Mary was reluctant to accept John's invitation.

Intermediary phrases and clauses

    Example:
    Senator James humbly submitted his resignation. The press hounded Senator James for months on charges of tax evasion.
    it can be:
    > Senator James, whom the press hounded for months on charges of tax evasion, humbly submitted his   
        resignation.
    > Senator James, who was hounded by the press for months on charges of tax evasion, humbly submitted his 
       resignation.
    > Senator James, hounded by the press for months on charges of tax evasion, humbly submitted his resignation.

Other

    Example:
    Mr. Smith swept the floor. Mr. Smith dusted the shelves. Mr. Smith turned out the lights. Then he left the building.
    it can be:
    > Mr. Smith swept the floor, dusted the shelves, and turned out the lights before he left the building.
    > Mr. Smith swept the floor, dusted the shelves, and turned out the lights before leaving the building.
    > Before leaving the building, Mr. Smith swept the floor, dusted the shelves, and turned out the lights.
    > After sweeping the floor, dusting the shelves, and turning out the lights, Mr. Smith left the building.
    > Having swept the floor, dusted the shelves and turned out the lights, Mr. Smith left the building.


    See Also:

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